Shan versus San

By Pu L.Keivom, IFS(rdt) &Inpui.com Columnist

Truth is so obscure in these times, and falsehood so established, that, unless we love the truth, we cannot know it. -Blaise Pascal

Ei trobul thusima hmun pahni ei săm inzing tak chu ‘Sinlung’ ti le ‘Shân’ ti hi a ni ka ring. Ei hnam chanchin zieknaa hla ei thur suok rawn tak khom Sinlung le Shan thrangna hlahai an nih. Chu chu Saptrongin ei hril pha leh ‘Sinlung tradition’ le ‘Shan tradition’ tiin ei ziek tlângpui. ‘Sinlung’ hi ei hung suokna pûk hming, ei hnam hrietzingna intling khawma (collective memory) inthoka ei hriet hlat tak, ei hnam Eden, Israelhai thukhawchang haw-a hril chun, ei ‘Makpela Puk’ chu a nih. A hmasa hi Hmar hnathlak tam lem chun ‘Sinlung’ ti loin ‘Khurpui’ an tih. Eini rawi ‘G’ Group ruok chun ‘Khŭl’ an ti a, chu chu ‘R’ Group-in ‘Khur’ ei ti hi a nih. A nuhnung ‘Shan/San’ ti ruok hi chu, ka hriet phak chinah, hril rîk a hlaw naw khop el.

Sinlung hi hriet lo ram, suongtuona le mang rama um a ni le ni naw tu khomin ei hriet nawh. Sienkhom, ei ‘pielral, lunglotui le hoilopar’ ti ang deua ei hnam ngaituona phêka inziek tlat, Zo hnathlak a tu hnam khomin lungruol taka ei intrawm, hming hrang hranga ei ko chu a nih. Genesis ziektuin vadung hming a zieka inthoka ‘Eden huon’ umna ni awma thil hlui suituhai ring chu tu laia Irak ram hi a ni laiin, vadung anga hnam hrang hrang, sienkhom hmêl, rong le ruongăm inang, a tlangpuia Mongoloid hnam tia hriet tam tak hung suokna bul nia ring chu China ram a nih. Chuleiin, ‘Sinlung’ ei hril pha chu ngaituona thlain China ram tieng ei vuong lut nghal a, ei zeldinna mitin ar bo a zong hlak a nih.

Sinlung Vrs. Phuokfawm Sinlung

Chuong anga zong ve ni awm tak mi pakhat, tu lai hnai ela Sinlung hmu suoka inhril chu ei ‘Christopher Columbus’ thar ei ti nuom di’m, Rev. L.Rema, Huoltu khaw mi, tuta Aizawl Venghnuoia um, B.Th dikri nei a nih. February 22, 2012 khan Aizawla inthokin Burma (Myanmar) ah a lût a, chu taka inthoka fe peiin China ram Sichuan (Swechwan/Szechuan) Province-ah a lut a, March 20, 2012 hin Sinlung khuo chu a tlung tah a nih. Hi a Sinlung hmu hi a umna hmun a hril dan le inkhǐna a hmanga inthoka ei hmu danin, Yalung vadung kama khaw pakhat, Reader’s Digest siem World Atlas (Third Edition-Reprint with amendments January 1979) a chuong, ei mi thiema ngai threnkhat chena i-hê loa ei Sinlung hril vet hi ni dinga an mi lo awrdenpui, sienkhom histawri le inzomna nei dêr si lo, ngei kha niin a’n lang. Thanga nazong hi ‘Thanga’ a ni naw ang bokin Sinlung hming put nazong hi ei ‘Sinlung’ a ni thei nawh.

Chun, Aizawla inthoka Myanmar fe thlenga Yunan Province khĕla um Sichuan Province-a ‘Sinlung’ khuo hla tak el, ni 25 sung chaua a tlung hman el khom hi, ‘ramhuoi speed’ an ti anga hrâta inzin a ni ngei ring a um. Dan anga passport chawi a, visa neia fe ni loin ‘reverend’ naw deua a rûk a răla inzin ni mei a ta, a ripawt an hung ziek leh khom a sitail hi a’n mil hmêl hlein ka hriet. Ama hi Eden huon hlui umna khom zong suok dingin ruoi inla, sawt naw te sungin a hung zong suok el thei a nih. Vanawi khomin Isai 41:2 a “Khawsak tieng mi pakhat, felna leia rongbawla ko” tia ‘mi pakhat’ ti kha ama ngei nia a ngai tlat leiin, Mizorama tlang insang tak Phawngpui bula khaw chikte Sangau-ah 1977 khan kum sang rorel a tran mop a, a lo inhnikpui pawl chun in le lo zorin Sangau-ah inpem lut a, kum 15 lai ei khawvel a zar buoi hman ve a nih. Hieng anga Pathien thu sirsana neia ngaituona kholbing hmang pawl hi Zoram khawvela hin an suok zeu zeu hlak hrim a nih. An thu lo khŭkpui tawk khom an hmu pei.

Chu chun thil pakhat a mi’n hriet suoktir a. Aizawla ka’n zin trum khat chu pipu sulhnung sui suokna tienga inhnik pawl, mi hausa Buongthang hai rawi le inthlop ruol hin Sumo thruoi a, Trieu vadung kân a, Rilipui tlăn khêl a, Sinlung zong suok dinga inthok suok an rot a, ka ngaidan indon malamin an mi rawn a. An thil invoi dan chu ngaisang a um lai zingin, an thil hisap dan le chinchang hriet phak chin dan chu lungsiet a um hlein ka hriet a. Tuikula chêng utrok anga mani chengna khawvel puo tieng inkhi ang kha an hoi khopin ka hriet a. Iengkim siemtu Pathien meuh khoma a zong suok ngai khopa ram kilkhawra uma inhril, ‘Lalpa zawn chhuah ram’ ti hming put inzapui nachang hre lo mi tam tak lai hin, ei pi le puhai, Cachar phaia British-hai thingpui huon zu rûna roktuhaiin an khawvel bak khawvel dang um lo dinga an ring ang ela khawvel la pal tum pawl ei um. Ei suol le invêt lei khom ni loin, ei mawlcho lei le ei daihriet a tlawm bakah ei tuikul chengna a chin talaw lei a nih. Ram dangah chuong ela fe thei a ni naw thu le fe ding chun nasa taka inbuotsai lawk a trŭl thu le an inbuotsai dan ding ka hril a. Thil chinchang an hang hriet chun an thil tum chu an thrul tah nghal a nih.

Hming hmaa ‘Reverend’ inziekhai lai hin a sî amanih a lem le a tak an um a. A sî le a lem ni si, ngaingam taka hi nîna inza-um tak put ngamhai hi fimkhur taka dawr a ngai. Israel lal Ahab chanchina thiempu zali ruol a ruoi, an hmŭra thlarau khêlhlip kop, Baibul-in a hril (2 Kron.18 & 1 Lalhai 22) ang kha an ni thei. A thren lem chu ‘story’ le ‘history’ danglamna hre hrang lo, ringna khawvel le hnam histawri keikop a, Sinai tlanga inthoka ei histawri mi tranpui a, China ramah mi thruoi lut a, China Bangpui (Great Wall of China) bawltuhai lai mi’n thrangtir a, chu taka inthoka intâl suok a, thlang tla pei a, Khampatah bungpui mi’n phuntir a, chu zoah tuta ei chengna tlangrama mi’n thrum pawl an um a. Pathien thu hmu chieng taphot chu thlaraua mit varna nei an ni leia hnamah an chieng naw thei naw lai zingin, hnama chienga inngai taphot hin Pathien thu hi an lo hmu chieng naw khop el a, hming inlàrna ding a ni phot chun thukhêl belsa an poiti naw a, mani trânghma kei zawnga Pathien thu le hnam thil hĕm le her kawi an rin naw bok a, ram le hnam kalchawi nasa takin an chokchawrawi thei a nih.

Fiemthu loah, tu laia ‘Reverend’ inti ngamhai intlansiekna tak nia inlang chu Doctorate Degree nei belsa a ni’m an tah ti ding khopin hming hmaa ‘Dr.’ ziek thei pawl khom favang phuhlum suok vanglai ang elin ei pung sawt nuom khopin a’n lang. Ei hming hmaa ‘Dr’ ei ziek hin ei bu beng a suklien pha duok a lo ni khoma ei hrietna le thiemna le hi hming inzaum hi an inbuk tawk si naw chun, a petu le a dongtuhai hin mani le mani inhlêmin ei mong ei hlîm chauh a ni thei. An naw leh, ‘Rev.’ ringot ei ziek khan inza phur tawka ei inhriet naw leiin, ei baksamna hluo bittu dingin ‘Dr’ hi nei ngei trûlin ei ngai a ni? Mi tam takin nina lem ‘Rev’ ti ei ziek hi ramhuoiin inzà nêk hmana an nuizat nuom lem ni ring a um ang bokin dollar tlawmtea inchawk thei ei ‘Dr’ taitlil hi an inzà bik chuong ring nawng ei tiu. Vaăkin ârăwn chang a ton ang mei mei a nih.

Olsam deua ei Sinlung hmu suoka insâl thei mihriem chun a hmŭrah thlarau khelhlip a pai a lo ni naw khoma kum 2004 laia a nawlpuia phuokfawm histawri ei invetpui hri khan ei lo kai ve pal a ni theizie ngaituo loa, HACS hminga thu hril dinga ei fiel el bakah, ei hnam puon inzaum tak, ‘Thangsuo Puon’ hiel ei insiltir khan ei nina chieng takin a hril a, mani le mani ei insukmuolpho bakah ei hnam puon inzaum tak hi phuokfawm histawri inkhumna dingin ei hmang a nih ti ei hriet a thra. Thangsuopuon hi mi nazong insiltir dinga duong a ni naw a, mithi nazong inkhumna ding le khêla thangsuo theihai chawimawina le duotna puon ding a ni bok nawh. Kawrapson hmangruo hmanga inthlanga tlinghai lem lem chun an bat ngam ding a ni naw hulhuol a, ei inbattir ding a ni bok nawh, kawrapsona thangsuo inelnaa tling an ni ngot naw chun. Chuong chu thaw ta nêk a, “Sinlung khaw hmun ngeia intira sui chieng dinga” Resolution meuh ei thlak hin, kum 2004-a ei hripui khan a mi la chenchil zing ti a hril chieng. Thosilen sunga ei zeldinnaa inthoka histawri phuok fawm indin hi băn tang ei tiu. Khêl chun khêl tam lem chauh a hring. Chu chu ei thrangmawbawk lien tak a nih.

Sinlung thusim (Sinlung tradition)

‘Hmar’ hnam hung suok dan ei sui ding chun trobul thusima inthoka tran a ngai a. Pipu thusima an hung suokna nia an hriet hla tak chu ‘Pûk’ a nih. Chu pûk lutna kot chu lunga an sin hlak leia ‘Sinlung’ an ti khom a ni el thei. Hi pûk hi China ram, hmun pakhata um ni dingin an zeldin. Hmar History (1958) ziektu Hranglien Songate hril dan chun, an hung suok dan hieng ang hin hlain an lo phuok a:

Khaw Sinlungah

Kot siel ang ka zuong suok a,

Mi le nêl lo tam ie, hriemmi hraiah.

Hi hla umzie chu: A bûka inthoka se kotrol chawm hlêna siel a’n chawm suok angin, Sinlunga inthokin ka tlân suok a. Mipui (mi le nêl) an lo tam èm èm, mihriem nauhai, tina a nih. Anni suok ruol hin mi dang tam tak khom an suok ve ti hi hla hin a suklang. Ngaituo ngai ruok chu, a hrilna trongkam hi a nih. A tu lai trongkam ta hle a, Chin Hills an chuong kai hnung, Rûn (Imphal River) le Trieu inkara an khawsak hnunga an trongkam hmang a zawl ta hle. Sinlung an suoksan lai hin hieng ang hin an trongin hma sawn hman tang a ti? A sawn hman tah ring a um naw leiin, kum tam tak hnunga hi hla hi an phuok a ni el thei. Chu chu a ni si naw chun an Sinlung hril hi hnai tea um a ni thei bok. Chin Hills a cheng unauhai chun Sinlung hi ‘Chimnuai’ an ta, chu chu Chin Hills-a Tiddim khaw bula um a nih. Thado-Kuki hai chun ‘Khul’ an ti a, chu chu Imphal vadung (Rûn) hnara um ni dingin an ring ve thung.[1] Hi hmun, Senlung Cave-a ngei hin a nih Dr. Joseph Suantak ziek ‘Chin-Kuki-Zo Genesis & Exodus’ ti chu August 29, 2012 khan Kuki Research Forum (India, Myanmar & Bangladesh) chun tlangzarna prokram a buotsai ni.

Kum 1989-a Rangoon-a inthoka Zoram Khawvel bu hmasa tak ka ziek laiin, Kawlhai le hnam hrang hrang hung thlang tla peihai chanchin nasa takin ka sui a. China sim thlang, tuta Yunnan Province le a se vela inlal, Nanchao Lalram a hung tluk siet hnunga hnam tam tak inpem suokhai lai khan eini rawi khom Kawl mihai leh an suok ve a ni ka ring thu le Sinlung ei ti khom hi Yunnan Province khawpui Kunming-a inthoka km 100 vela hlaa um Stone Forest (Lung Ngawpui) laia inthoka ei hung suok lai thu le inzom a ni theizie ka ziek a. Hi Lung Ngawpui hi acre 96 hmun, thingdol anga insang lung tolawt ngot a ngir khupna hmun, thruoitu thra nei naw chun inhmang dĕr theina khopa lien a nih. Japan mi khuolzina fe hlakhai khomin an trobul intranna nia ringin, hi hmuna hin an hung biekzin hlak. Hi lung ngawpuia hin inbi a, chu taka inthoka an hung tlan suok leia Sinlung hla hi an lo phuok a ni nawh ti tuin am ti thei ei ta?

Hi thil hi sui chieng ding chun khang hun laia thil fe le hung, abikin Nanchao lalram a hung ngir dan, tlŭk dan le nghong dar dan, Tai/Shan haiin Mao lalram an hung indin dan le Burma ram po po deuthawa lalna an hung chang dan le an indar zau dan, eini rawiin Kabaw phai ei hung lut laia lal le Khampata kul bawltuhai kha Shan lalhai an ni bakah Assam chuonchunga Ahom lalram an hung indin leia Assam ti hming chen hi pieng a nizie le a bebawm thil hrang hrang hriet chieng phot a ngai. ‘Hmar’ ti hming hung suokna lem hi chu 1850 hnung a ni leiin sui buoi khom a ngai bĕkin ka hriet nawh. Ei buoina lem chu ‘Hmar’ ti hming a pieng hma daia pieng anga hril trèp trép ei tum hi a nih. Zo hnathlak a tu hnam khom hi Chin Hills le Tripura ei lut hnunga pieng vong, ei tlang hluo zira hnam hranga insâl le trong hrang hranga trong ei hung ni chauh a nih. Thing kung lien tak, zâr tam tak laia a kaute pakhat ve ang ei ni a, ei bul le bal sui ding chun a kungpuia inthoka sui a ngai. Chu chu khuolzin zer huom fara inthokin hung suok naw nih. Thil hlui an maksana inthoka ei sui thei po bak khom tu lai chu chi-zam suina (genetic history) hmanga sui suok thei a nih.

Shan thusim (Shan tradition)

Hmarhai thusima hming inlang zing zing le an thu le hla tam tak hung suokna hmun nia an hril chu Shan/San a nih. Hi taka an um laia an ropuizie thu khom hlain kûr nguoiin an phuok a:

Sinlung lamtlak a thra indang,

A pa lamtlak a thra indang;

Shan khuoa thra po in vang,

Tuoichongin hranlu a tlunna;

Thlomu siek a ke min hrilh,

Zainghawnga hranlu bah kan sal.

Shan khuo thlang fa pu tling tleng e,

I do thlunglu bak i’n sal;

Ka sawmfang thlaw, ka laimi tha,

Thral khatah la’n ei de ning.

Shan khuo fiertui thra vâr indang,

Naufa’n hnamchem ang an chawi;

Thlangfa nghaknu lien inthang,

Lawnlei i’n sa, khawmuol i’n hoih

ti dam hi an hla mi maksanpek laia mi a nih. Liendang Hla tia hriet, nunghal tlangval insaina hla tam tak an phuokhai le Butukhuonglawm le a bebawm hla tam tak hi Shana an um laia an thaw tran le an phuok niin an hril.

Chuong khopa khaw inhoia an hril fak chu hluo sawt thei loin, trămpui mitsim hung tlungin a hnot dar tawl tah a nih. An hril dan chun, hi truma trăm tlâk hi a na hle a. An ran văihai chen khomin an tuor a. Vokpui khom phingtrâm taluoa mani kea ngir zo loin pal an innghai a, an pal innghai a tluk ruolin an tlu hlum ve top el niin an hril hiel a nih. Hieng ang hin hlain an lo phuok a:

Sân khuoah lĕnpûr a tlakin,

Mi raza tlân thiera e;

Chung Pathienin Sân zuk siem a,

Sân khuo lung ang ngîr na e.

Ei hmaa zawna poimaw inkhang chu: Shan khuo hi khaw laia um am ning a ta? Ieng tik huna an hluo am a na? ti hi a nih. Hranglien Songate chun hi khuo hi tuta Kawlram hmar tienga Shan State sunga um ni dingin a zeldin. Shanhai chanchin ei hang sui chieng ruok chun ‘Shan State’ ei ti tak lem hi chu kum 1962-a hung pieng chauh a nih. Anni hi hnam tenau laia zel an nia chu hnam lien tak, Burma ram sunga cheng ringot khom maktaduoi 6 vel ni dinga ring a nih. Hwangho le Yangtze vadung infinna biela inthoka hung le indar pei an nih. Anni hin ‘Tai’ tiin an inko a, pawl 4 Tai Yai (Shan Proper), Tai Lue (Sipsong Panna-China), Tai Khuen (Kengtung mi) le Tai Neua (Dehong-China) tiin an inthre a. ‘Shan’ ti hi Kawl (Burmese) haiin an kona hming a ni a, chu chu ‘Siam’ tia inthoka an lak a nih. Kha hma khan Thailand hi ‘Kingdom of Siam’ ti a ni hlak.

Hi taka inthoka indar peiin Shan lalhai chun Burma pumpui deuthaw opin lalram pathum Pinya, Sagaing le Inwa (Ava) ah an indin a. Eini rawi ei hung thlang tlak a, Kabaw phaia ei khawsak laia mi optuhai kha hmunpuia Sagaing neia inlal an nih. An hmunpui tak ruok chu Ava hmunah a um a, chu taka an Rengpui laia pakhat chu Sao Saw Ke a nih. Ama hin a laichin hnai, a tupa Kytaungyo chu Tahan (Kale) le a se velah lal (swabaw) in a hung sie a, Kale (Tahan) le Khampat kulhai khom hi ama bawl nia hriet a nih. Hieng Shan lal sungkuo laia an unau pakhat Sukhapa chu an suknuor leiin Maulunga inthokin AD 1215 lai khan a suok a, Patkoi tlang chuon khumin Assam ram sak kilah 1253 AD khan Charaideo-ah umhmun a khuor a, Ahom lalram an din a, chu taka inthok chun ‘Assam’ ti khom hih a hung suok a nih.

Shanhai chanchin kimchanga suina lekhabu tu lai hnai ela suok chu Sai Aung Tun ziek History of Shan State: From its Origin to 1962 (Silkworm Press, 2009, p.684) a nih. Hi lekhabu hi India ramah ka hmu zo naw leiin Patrick Infimate-in Hongkonga inthokin a mi hung rochung a, August 18, 2012 khan ka lo hmu a, lawm a um takzet. Ei chanchin ei suina lampuiah Shan-hai hi an um pei leiin, anni chanchin hriet chieng lo chun ei chanchin hi sui chieng thei a ni ka ring nawh. Chu le inzom chun a hranin artikul la hung ziek ka tum. Lekhabu dangdai deuh pakhat chu Kiran Kumar Gogoi ziek Historiology of Mongloid People (2004) a nih. Shan (Tai) haiin Assam ram, Tai Ahom an hung indin dan chanchin suina a nih. Ei thu le inzoma lekhabu hrang hrang baka tiem ngei chi nia ka hriet chu C.P.FitzGerald ziek The Southern Expansion of the Chinese People: “Southern Fields and Southern Ocean” (1972-Vikas Publications p.230) a nih.

Hieng hi thil um dan a ni leiin, ei hlaa Shan khuo ei hril vet hi Shan State-a um ni dinga bel tum chu a karinkik talaw bakah hnachanga khuoihnâng bel an hril nêk hmanin bel kop intak lem a tih. Shan State khawpui Taunggyi chen hi fangin voi thum zet kum 1986-88 sung khan ka’n zin ta a, ram mawi le boruok inhoi, chengna dinga duthusamum hlie hlie a nih. Amiruokchu, ei histawri le an histawri hang sui mat dan ding chin ruok chu hriet thiem a harsa kher el. Thil chieng lem nia inlang chu ei ‘Shan Thusim’ hi Kabaw phai an suoksan hnung, Rûn le Trieu inkar Sanzawla an chĕng lai thil a ni lem ring a um. An hla thuhai khom hi hieng laia an chĕng hnunga an trong hmang leh an inzawl lem daih a nih. A hmaa ei hril tah ang khan, Butukhuonglawm hla leh Liendang hlahai khom hi Sanzawla an khawsak laia pieng vong niin a’n lang. Chuleiin, ‘Shan’ tia ei ziek hi loin, ‘San’ tia ei ziek lem hi a taka an lo chengna ‘San khuo/Sanzawl’ chu a lo ni lem ding a nih. Chu chu India, Burma & Bangladesh-a Mizo Chanchin (2001 p. 824) ziektu B. Lalthangliana sût dan (p.90-92) le histawri rurèl (historical framework) fe dan le khom hung inmil thei lem a tih. (August 31, 2012 Friday, Delhi).

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[1] W. Shaw’s The Thadou-Kukis, 1928 p. 28