Hmar trong rurel thlirna

Pu L.Keivom* in hi seminar paper February 20, 2012, a huoihawt HSA (Delhi Jt Hqrs) Seminar a  Hmar tawng hman/ziek dan mipui hmaa a tlangzar chu a nih.

 

THRE KHATNA (PART 1)

Trong rurel

Hmar trong hi mal tin umze nei (monosyllabic) le lam dan zira thu mal inang khom kawk hrang hrang nei (phonetic) trong a nih. Ei trong bul (root words) po po khom rihlawm khat vong a nih. Entirnan, sa, va, nga, ran, thing, ruo, hlo, mei, tui, fang, bu, mîm, bâl, lung, pilChu taka inthok chun trong mal hrang hrang, a thren rihlawm hni, a thren a neka tam ei hung siem suok a, monosyllabic-a inthokin pollysyllabic-ah ei lut a nih. Entirnan, ‘sa’ thumala inthokin sakei, sazuk, sakhi, sakeibaknei, sabengtung, sanghawngsei, sapheimanli le a dang dang a hung suok a. Chuong anga thu mal khat (monosyllabic)a inthoka thu mal iemani zat zom khawma siem chu a nih polysyllabic an ti chuh. A tlangpuiin, polysyllable ei hung siem dan le European tronga an siem dan a’n ang nawh. Eini trong chu polysyllable-a ei inchangtir hnung khomin monosyllabic zie a la put zing. Chuleiin, Zo hnathlak trong hrim hrim ei ziek phaa Golden Rule 1 chu, thu mal tin a hranga ziek a nih.

Golden Rule 2 chu, thu mal kei kopa thu mal dang ei siem kha ziek kop loa umzie hrang a kawk ding a ni chun ziek kop chau ding a nih. Entirnan, santen, sungkhaw, khawsik, hmusit, endong, entleu, ningkhong, hawihawm, zakmaw, zawlnei, ngilnei, theichang, fanghma, vaimim, butun, tuthlaw, hreipui, hreite, suodur, liengko tihai hi ziek kop loa ei thre hrang chun an umzie a danglam ding a ni leiin, chuong ang thu malhai chu ziek kop ngei ngei ding a nih. Thu mal threnkhat, entirnan hawrop, chawhnung, chawhma le a dang dang chu ziek kop loa umzie nei der lo an nih. Chun, mal tina umzie nei khom hminga ei siem chun ziek kop ngei ngei ding: Lalpiengfel (Noun+verb+adverbial adjective), Sakeibaknei (common noun + noun + verb), zieklobu (verb+adverb+noun), lunglekha (noun+noun). Hi thu mal ei hmang ‘Entirnan’ ti khom hi lak tawi a na, “Inentirna dingin’ tina a nih.

Chu Golden Rule No. 1 chu hmangin, thu mal lamnon, entirnan, po po, bèk bêk, èm êm le a dang dang, kha hmaa ka lo ziek kop hlak kha tu hin chu ka ziek kop ta nawh. A san chu hieng thu mal hrang hrang ei lamnonhai hi nina hrang hrang nei an ni lei a nih. Chu indanglamna chu ei trong rurel le fe dan ei sui chieng pha leh ei hmu chieng thei chauh a nih. Chuonghai chu a tawi thei ang takin a hnuoia hin ei tar lang ding a nih.

Demonstrative Pronoun

Hieng a hnuoia thu mal lamnonhai hi Singular le Plural form-a ei hmang pha leh Singular form-a chu chu, kha kha, khi khi, khu khu, hi hi, saw saw tia ei lamnon hai kha Plural form chun chuong chun, khâng kha, khieng khi, khuong khu, hieng hi, sawng saw ti a hung ni ta leiin, Singular form-ah lo ziek kop inla khom Plural form-a ei ziek pha ziek kop a remchang ta naw leiin ziek kop lo vong a thra.

Chun, hieng thu malhai bok hi tuortu (Object) le thilthawtu (subject) a ei hmang pha chun Object-a chu chu, hi hi, kha kha, khi khi, khu khu, saw saw, tihai hi Subject-a ei hmang pha leh chu chun, hi hin, kha khan, khi khin, khu khun, saw son ti a hung ni nawk dai a nih. Chuleiin, tuortu kha thilthawtu ngirhmuna an um pha thu mal pangngaia lamnon thei a ni tak naw leiin le a thu mal tin khan kawk hrang an nei leiin ziek kop lo ding a nih. A thu mal hmasa hi pronoun pangngai, a nuhnung hi demonstrative pronoun a ni vong. Ei ziek kop chun mizie hrang an nina a sukbo a nih. Hi thu hi chieng lemin ‘HI’ ti thupuia hmangin a hnuoia hin a hranin la thlir ei tih.

Adverb of degree (Intensifier)

Adverb chu thilthaw (verb) hrilfiena a nih. “Lala a fe hrat, Lali a fe muong” ei ti chun ‘hrât’ le ‘muong’ hi thilthaw um dan hrilfietu, adverb of manner an nih. Amiruokchu, “Lala a fe hrat êm êm, Lali a fe muong bêk bêk” ka ti chun a fe hrat le muong thu hrilna ‘êm êm’ le ‘bêk bêk’ hi adverb of degree a ni ta thung a nih. Sienkhom, thu mal pangngai lamnon loin, “Lala a fe hrat taluo” ka ti thei a, chu chu thu mal khat, uorna thu a ni leiin a hranga ‘ta luo’ tia ka ziek chun umzie pai naw nih.

Chun, ‘Thanga ka hmu naw hrim hrim/rêng rêng” ei ti chun hrim hrim le reng rengin an uor chu a hmaa ‘naw’ ti hi a nih. Hi taka hin, lamnon loin “Thanga ka hmu naw hrim/reng a nih” lo ti lang chu a kawk a dang daih a nih. “Par mawi tak tak an hung chawi, In lien deu deu ka hmuh” ti nekin “An par hung chawi chu a mawi kher el, Ka in hmu chu lien deu a nih” ka ti thei bok a. A hmasa hi thu mal pangngai lamnona thu uor taka hrilna a na, a nuhnung ruok hi chu thu mal pakhat chauh lama thu uorna a nih. Hieng hai hi adjectival verb an ni vong a, sienkhom thu uorna dinga thu mal lamnon hi double adverb ti a na, tu laia hmang tlanglawn lem chu Intensifier ti a na, indik lem hman a tih. Hieng vàng váng, veng veng, rau rau, chen chen, tho tho, zeu zeu le a dang dang hai hi double adverb an ni a, thilthaw an zui a. Amiruokchu, thil thawna hmun le hun hril fiena (adverb of place/time) a ei hmang pha ruok chu double adverb kha thilthaw hmaah ei sie thung a nih. Entirnan, Khu chen chen chu ka fe pei nawh.

Lamnon: Plural siemna hmangruo

Dannaranin, plural siemna dinga thu mal ei hriet inlâr tak chu ‘hai’ ti hi a nih. Amiruokchu, ei trong kalhmang ei hang bi chieng ruok chun plural siemna hmangruo ei lo hau êm êm a, chuong laia ei hmang tlanglawn chu thu mal pahni lamnon a nih. Thu mal hrang hrang hi noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, phrase leh clause chen khom siemna dingin ei lamnon rop hlak a. Hieng thu mal ei lamnon hin a hmaa thu mal um, ei lamnona thu inphum kha plural-in a siem hlak a nih. Thu mal lamnon hi double adverb-a ei hmang nek hmanin plural siemna dingin ei hmang rawn lem khom a hoi. Chuonghai chu ziek kop ding an ni nawh. A hnuoia hin chu chu hang thlir vak ei tih.

Noun lamnon:

Noun lamnona plural ei siem dan hang bi inla. “Khaw lai hmun am i fang a?” ka ti chun hmun pakhat bik kan donna a nih. “Khaw lai hmun hmun am i fang a?” ka ti ruok chun hmun pakhat neka tam a sir leiin chuonghai chu ka’n don a nih. Chuong anga noun lamnona plural ei siem dan entirna iemani zat hang pe inla:

Tu nau nau amanih ka don khawm.

Tu hming hming am a na i sam kawi hi?

Ieng trong trong am i thiem a?

Tu zakuo kuo am i sawp a?

Tu par par am a na i hung lo khawm hi?

Ieng puon puon am i haw khawm a na?

Tu lo lo am bu a thra a?

Tu khuo khuo am i sir ta a?

Hi taka hin lam rik hni nei ‘zakuo’ tia a zuitua hin ‘za’ banin ‘kuo’ chauh hmang a ni a, chu chu ei trong a lam inhoi zawnga thu ei kei kop dan a nih. Hieng ang bok hin Saptronga thu mal ei hmang pha khomin ei thaw hlak.

Tu telefawn fawn am an hung siem ta a?

Ieng pensil sil am i’n chawk a?

Ieng ofis fis am i sir ding?

Ieng elekson son am vote i thlak tah?

Ieng promawson son am a hmu tah?

Tu Minister ter am an hung?

Pronoun lamnon

Pronoun lamnon hi plural siemna dingin ei hmang bok. “Tu tu am inhlawfaa i ruoi ding?” ka ti chun mi pakhat neka tam a ruoi ding thu a kawk a. “Tu am inhlawfaa i ruoi ding?” ka ti ruok chun mi pakhat chauh a kawk. “Ieng ieng am a na i buoipui?” ka ti chun ‘ieng ieng’ ti hi plural a na, thil pakhat neka tam a ngaituo tina a nih. Hi taka ‘tu’ le ‘ieng’ ei lamnon hi Saptrong chun indefinite pronoun an tih.

Uorna Adjective le hmang kop

Uorna hi adverb le chauh ni loin adjective leh khom hmang thei a nih. “Zakuo thra deu ka nei” tia ‘deu’ hin adjective ‘thra’ hi a uor a. Zakuo thra deu deu ka nei” tia uorna ‘deu deu’ ei hmang non ruok hin chu zakuo thratzie hril ta loin zakuo pakhat neka tam a nei thu a kawk daih thung a nih.

Tirna/infuinaa Verb lamnon

Thil thaw ding mi ei hril amani le ei infui chang hin verb ei lamnon rop hlak a, chu chun thilthaw kha voi khat neka tam thaw a nih ti an entir a, thilthaw chu plural-ah a siem a nih.

Fè fé naw rawh.

Thaw thaw ngai naw rawh.

Khêl hril hril naw rawh.

I hmûr liek liek naw rawh.

Ko ko la, hung el a tih.

Tiem tiem la, hung thiem el i tih.

Adverb lamnon

Hieng, “Van a’n rûm dur dur, Ar a’n chiek lom lom, Thanga a voi dut dut” ei ti chun adverb ei lamnon hin verb thilthaw chu voi khat neka tam thaw a ni thu ei hril a nih. Lamnon loin voi khat chauh lam inla chu, thilthaw kha voi khat chauh thaw a ni thu a hril thung a nih. Hieng ei lamnonhai hi adjectival verb an nih.

Subject le Verb lamnon

Subject le verb lamnon hi trongkam chi khat, adverb ‘el’ ti belin, mi thilthaw rop ei nghok kha ei soisel hlak a. “Nang hi i in i in el a, Ka zakuo i lo hâk i lo hâk el a, Hi mipa hi a suok a suok el a, Mi poisa i bat i bat el a, Inkhawm i’n hnu i’n hnu el a” ei ti chun thilthaw kha voi khat neka tam thaw a ni thu ei hril bakah kha thilthaw kha ei dit naw thu hrilin ei soisel sa bok a nih.

Noun Clause-a Verb lamnon

Verb ni si, sienkhom noun sin thaw si, plural siemna dinga ei lamnon hlak tam tak a um a. “Kan hmu hmu kan inchik” ei ti chun, “Kan hmu hmu” ti hi noun clause a na, noun sin a thaw a, noun hmangna hlak transitive verb ‘inchik’ tuortu (object) a hmang a nih. Iem a na kan inchik chu? Kan hmu hmu. Hi taka hin “kan hmu hmu” ti hi noun anga hmang a na, ‘kan’ hi subject a na, ‘hmu hmu’ ti hi predicate (verb) a nih. Hieng, “ I dit dit la rawh, I nuom nuom thaw rawh, A um umin bu fa ro, A hung hung lo chibai ro” tia verb ei lamnon po po hi plural siemnaa ei hmang hlak a nih.

Adjective Clause-a Verb lamnon

“Zakuo thra kan ti ti kan inchawk” ei ti chun, Ieng zakuo am in inchawk? ti zawna donna chu ‘Thra kan ti ti” ti a ni a. “Thra kan ti ti” ti hin noun zakuo a hril fie leiin adjective sin a thaw a nih. Hi taka ‘kan’ hi subject a na, ‘thra ti ti” ti hi predicate (verb) a na, chuleiin adjective clause a na, ei lamnon hin plural a siem a nih. Hieng, “Pastor kan ring ring kan tir, Sa inhnik kan ti ti kan fak, Ka thuomhnaw thraa ka hriet hriet le nal ka ti ti ka chawi” tihai khom hi an ni vong. Amiruokchu, “Titi a sep” (noun) amanih, “A titi” (verb) ka ti ruok chun a kawk a danglam daih a nih.

Adverb Clause-a Verb lamnon

“A nuom nuomin ami soisak” ei ti chun “ami soisak” ti hi principal clause a na, ‘a nuom nuomin” ti hin principal clause-a verb ‘soisak’ ti kha a hril fie leiin adverb clause a na, ‘nuom nuom’ ti lamnon hin soisak dan chi hrang hrang a umzie a tar lang a, chuleiin adverb clause-a verb kha plural-ah a siem a nih. “A ngai ngaiin lo ngai raw se, A chang chang lo chang raw se, A ni ni lo ni raw se, A thaw thawin lo thaw raw se” tihai khom hi an ni vong. Hi taka hin plural siemna el chauh khom ni loin, a thilthaw chu a ieng ieng khom ni sien poi ei ti naw thu amani le ei pompui thu ei hril sa bok a nih.

Adverb Clause-a Subject le Verb lamnon

“I tiem i tiem chun thiem el i tih, A thaw a thaw chun hlawtling a tih, I dawn i dawn chun inrui i tih, I fâk i fâk chun thawhlàng i tih” tia thilthaw (verb) le thilthawtu (subject) ei lamnon hin verb chauh ni loin, verb le subject inkop kha plural-in ei siem a na, adverb clause a nih.

Principal Clause-a Subject le Verb lamnon

Subject le Verb lamnona plural siem hi principal clause-a khom ei thaw hlak. Entirnan, “A hriet naw naw a mi’n don a mi’n don el” ei ti chun ‘a mi’n don a mi’n don’ ti hi principal clause a nih. “A hriet naw naw” ti hin ieng am a’n don ti a hril bok. Verb-a ‘indon, don’ tuortu a ni leiin noun clause a nih.

THRE HNINA (PART 2)

HI-HIN

A chunga mi le inzom si, amiruokchu lamnon el thil khom ni ta lo a, ei hmang dan zira thu mal inthlak danglam hang thlir ei tih. Chu dinga besana ei hmang ding chu pronoun ‘Hi’ ti hih a nih. Chu taka danglamna siemtu tak, Object (tuortu) kha Subject (Thilthawtu) a inchangtirtu chu hawrop ‘n’ amanih ‘in’, thu hnungbeta ei hmang hlak, trong ziekna dinga a kila lung trangkai pakhat chu a nih.

Demonstrative pronoun

‘Hi’ amanih, lam nona ‘hi hi’ amanih, a hmang dan dungzuia ‘hi hin’ amani hai hin hming aiawtu (pronoun) kawkhmutu sin an thaw leiin Saptrong chun demonstrative pronoun a nih. ‘Hi hi hung chawi rawh’ (singular), ei ti chun ‘hi’ hmasa hi pronoun a na, ‘hi’ nuhnung hi kawkhmutu (demonstrative pronoun) chu a na, tuortu (object) ah ei hmang bok a nih. ‘Hi’ ti hi plural a ni ding pha ruok chu ‘hi’ a khan ‘eng’ ei bel a, ‘hieng’ ti a hung ni a. Entirnan, ‘Hieng hi hung chawi rawh’ (plural). Amiruokchu, thilthawtu (subject) anga ei hmang pha ruok chu ‘hi’ a khan ‘eng’ ni ta loin ‘n’ chauh ei bel a, ‘hi hin” ti a hung ni ta lem dai bok. Entirnan, Hi hin cheng sawmthum thawlawmah a pek. Chun, hmun threnkhata chu plural ‘hieng’ a khan plural siemna thumal pakhat ‘hai’ belsain ‘hienghai hin’ ei ti bok: Hienghai hin lawmman an lak.

Demonstrative adjective

Amiruokchu, ‘hi hi’ ti inkarah thil hming (noun) ei zep pha leh hming hrilfietu a hung ni ta leiin demonstrative pronoun ni loin demonstrative adjective a hung ni nawk dai a nih. Chu umzie chu, hming aiawtu kawkhmutu ni ta loin hming hrilfietu (adjective) kawkhmutu a hung ni ta thung tina a nih. Entirnan, Hi pa hi mi thra a nih, Hieng misuolhai hin mi an rok. Chuong chu a ni lai zingin, a hmangna zirin ‘hieng’ ti hi plural a ni chuong kher nawh ti hriet a thra. Entirnan, Hieng ang mi var hi pawl ding a nih (singular).

Tuortu (object) le Thilthawtu (subject)

Demonstrative pronoun chi hrang hrang hai hi tuortu (object) le thilthawtua (subject) ei hmang phaa an inthlak danglam dan tlangpui chu hieng ang hin a nih:

Tuortu (Object) Thilthawtu (Subject)

chu chu chu chun

chuong chu chuonghai chun

hi hi hi hin

hieng hi hienghai hin

kha kha kha khan

khâng kha khâng khan

khi khi khi khin

khieng khi khienghai khin

khu khu khu khun

khuong khu khuonghai khun

saw saw saw son

sawng saw sawnghai son

HMAR TRONG SUKHARSATU ‘IN’

Thumal hmaah ‘in’ belin thumal dang tam tak ei siem a. Saptronga khom hmakhalah ‘in’ hmanga incapable, inaccurate, inactive le a dang dang an siem ang hi a nih. Ei trong le Saptrong inang nawna ruok chu, eini chun ‘in’ chauh hmakhalah ei hmang laiin anni chun ‘im, il, ir le un’ tihai hi hmangin thumal an siem a, chuleiin impossible, immovable, illegal, irregular, unacceptable ti hai le a dang dang an hung ser a nih.

‘In’ hmakhala hmanga thumal ei siem threnkhathai chu inang, inawi, inba, inbâi, inbàn, inban, inbarh, inbât, inbauh, inbâu khat, inbaw, inbawk, inbawl (rong inbawl), inbawr, inbeng, inbengberep, inbei, inbel, inbèm, inben, inbiek, inbiekruk, inbiel, inbol inbom, inbor, inbu, inbûk, inbuk, inbul, inbûm, inbun, inbûr, inbur, inbuon, inbuotsai, inchang, inchai, inchâk, inchal delh, incham, inchàn, inchapchar, inchat, inchawi, inchawm, inchawn, inchei, inchêk, inchek, inchel, inchemhar lak, inchèn, inchen, inchêp, incher, inching, inchik, inchîl, incho, inchok, inchong, inchom, inchor, inchot, inchu, inchûk, inchuk, inchûl, inchum, indang, indaih, indam, indan, indap, indar, indawha, indawi, indawk, indawm, indawn, indawp, indawr, indawt, indeng, indel, indem, indên, indêp, indep, inder, indêt, indêusaw, indi, inding, indik, indîl, indin, indîp, indîr, indit, indo indoi, indok, indol, indom, indon, indot, indu, induong, indur, inel, inen, inep, iner, infân, infar, infawk, infawn, infawp, infie, infiel, infiem, infin, infui, infûk, infun, infuol, inhai, inhâk, inhak, inhal, inhap, inhawi, inhawk, inhawmthaw, inhawr khawm, inhoithaw, inhêk, inhèl, inhêm, inhen, inher, inhlan, inhlap, inhlem, inhliem, inhîk, inhîp, inhlîp, inhlip, inhmang, inhmangai, inhmai tuo, inhmaton, inhmakhal, inhme, inhmei, inhmelhriet, inhmelmak, inhmu thiem/thiem lo, inhnai, inhnâk, inhnar, inhnâr, inhnawchep, inhnawk, inhnawm, inhnem, inhnît, inhnok, inhnon, inhnot, inhnu, inhoi/ti, inhoi thaw, inhok, inhong, inhriel, inhriem, inhriet, inhriettir, inhril, inhro, inhrol, inhrom, inhron, inhro, inhrosa, inhru/hruk, inhruol, inhûi, inhûk, inhumru, inhup, inhuphur, in-iel, in-iem, inîp, in-ir, inkal, inkam, inkan, inkâp, inkap zût, inkâr, inkarthlak, inkar thel, inkau, inkawng, inkawi, inkawkal, inkawn, inkei, inken, inkêp, inkeu, inkhang, inkhai, inkhak, inkhal, inkhâm, inkhawm, inkhang, inkhan/lo, inkhâp, inkhap, inkhar, inkhât, inkhè, inkheng, inkhel, inkher, inkhi, inkhing, inkhul, inkhuongruol, inkhuokhir, inkhuol tehlem, inkhum, inkhup, inkhur, inko, inkon, inkop, inkot, inkuo, inkuol, inkul, inkûm, inkungkei, inkur inkuk, inla bing, inla hlei, inla lawn, inlai, inlak hran, inlak lien, inlak vung, inlal, inlang, inlam, inlap, inlâr, inlau, inlaw, inlawng, inlawm, inlawn, inlawt, inle, inlekhal/thal, inlek, inlekkaw, inlet, inlemchang, inlepse, inling, inlir, inlung, inlukhup, inlu lak, inlu ling, inlusu, inmai, inmâk, inman, inmel, inmil, inmit, inmuolvom, inmu le ar, innang, innang ching, innawt, innei, innêl, innêp, inngai, inngai bel, inngai hlu, inngai hnuoi, inngaina, inngai sang, inngai sie, inngai tlawm, inngaituo, inngai sie, inngak, inngam, inngansie, inngawk, innghak, inngei, inngêk, innghirngho, inngur, inno, innong, innok, innon, innor, innot, innui, innufa, innupa, inpafa, inpak, inhlaw, inhlawfa, inpawngnek, inpawl, inpol, inpei, inpe, inpêk, inpengtuo inpenparh, inper, inpêr, inpersan, inpet, inphà, inpha hman, inphahnuoi, inphai, inphal, inphan, inphàn, inphâr, inphat, inphaw, inphi, inphier, inphiel, inphil, inphin, inphir, inphit, inphît, inphon, inpom, inpom chilh, inphû, inphûm, inphun, inphur, inphut, inping, inpom, inpot, inpuk, inpuktir, inpum, inpumbil, inpumkhat, inpumpek, inpun, inpung, inpur, inputu, inrang, inrak, inrâk, inràl, inral en, inram, inrapthliek, inràu, inrawi, inrawp, inrawn, inrawt, inrel, inrem, inren, inrep, inret, inrêu, inri, inriem (khum), inrieng, inrieu, inring, inrik, inrik, inril, inrim, inrip, inro, inrok, inrol, inrom, inrop, inru, inruk, inrul, inrûm, inrum, inrûn, inruolcham/rem, inruohmang, inruom, inruot, inrût, insâng, insangbung, insang mar, insai, insai sa, insap, insa seng, insât, insawi, insawi zoi, insawk, insawp, insiek, insiem, insiem siet, insiem danglam, insieng, insier, insiet, insik, insil, insim, insingsa, insîr, insit,, inso, insok, insom, inson, insop, insor, insu, insui, insuk, insulpel, insûm, insut, intai, intâng, intak, intâl, intal, intâm, intan, intar, intat ngei, intekem, intel, intem, inten, intêp, inter, intet, inthang, inthak, inthal, intham, inthap, inthè, inthel, inthem, inthên, inthêp, inther, inthi, inthiel, inthiem, inthien, inthieng, inthier fihlim, inthîk inthim, inthin, inthîp, inthir, inthla, inthlada, inthla dul, inthlahrung, inthlang, inthlan, inthlawp, inthli, inthlim, inthlit, inthlo, inthlong, inthuok, inthuom, intîm, intir, intit, inti, intivei, intlong, intlok, intlon, intlung, intlun, intlur, intodel, intong, intoi, intok, intol, intom, intu, intui, intuithlar, intung, intuk, intuklut, intul, intum, intûn, intuo, intuoi, intuok, intuol vuok, intuom, intuorpui, intûr, inturh, intra, intrai, intrâm, intran, intring, intron, intrum, inthrang, inthrâl, inthrâm, inthre, inthrì, inthrîn, inthro (thral inthro), inthrok, inthrul, inthrum, inthrung, inthruoi, inthruom, inthruong, innui, innuoi, inung, inuire, inuk, inul, inup, inur, inût, inunau, inuoi, inuok, invai, invak, inval, invâm, invap, invau, invè, invêng, inveng, invet, inving, invîn, invir, invit, invo, invong, invoi, invom (in tum suok), invot, invûng, invui, invul, invûm, invuong, invuok, invuol, invur, invut, inza, inzang, inzak, inzàl, inzal (zam-inzal) inzàm, inzam, inzâp, inzap, inzâr, inzar buoi, inzat, inzei, inzel, inzem, inzen, inzêp, inzep, inzi, inzing, inzil, inzin, inzir, inzo, inzong, inzom, inzor, inzum, inzuom, inzuot, inzun, inzût le a dang dang hai an nih.

Hieng neka tam hman hi thu hmakhala causative verb siemtu ‘insuk’ amanih ‘inti’ ti hmangin verb ei siem a, chuong thumala chun ‘na’ belin thumal tin deuthawah noun ei siem thei a nih. Entirnan, insukfel, insukvar, insukfai, insukthienghlim, insuklawm, insukhlim le a dang dang causative verb ei siem treuh thei bakah chuong thumala chun ‘na’ belin noun insukhlimna, insukthienghlimna, insukbuoina, insuksietna, insuklawmna, insukporchena le a dang dang siem treuh thei a nih. Chuleiin, hmabeta ‘in’ hmang le hnung beta ‘na’ bel hi Hmar trong serna faktawri ropui tak a nih ti inla, khel ei hril ka ring nawh.

Hmar trong ziek sukharsatu, sukharsatu a ni ti khom ei hriet naw le ei la sui chieng ngai naw nia inlang chu hieng ‘in’ a intran thu mal hai hi noun amani pronoun amani leh ei hmang kop pha a hmaa pronoun khan a zuitu thumala ‘in’ a ‘n’ chau kha a va lak hlak a. Chu chu khaw lai am kop tang a ta? Ei hriet tah angin, pronoun, hming aiawtua ei hmang chu a, an, i, in, ka, kan, ei, min a nih. A fe. Ei fe. I fe. In fe. An fe. Ka fe. Kan fe. Ei fe. Hi pronoun hai le a hnung zuitu thumal ‘in’ a intran ei hmang zom pha leh a lam inhoi zawngin hieng hin ei ti hlak:

A thilthaw chu a’n thiem (a+ inthiem) reng reng am?

In thilthaw chu in inthiem reng reng am?

I thilthaw chu i’n thiem (i+inthiem) reng reng am?

In thilthaw chu in inthiem reng reng am?

Ka thilthaw chu ka’n thiem (ka+inthiem) naw ngei.

Kan thilthaw chu kan inthiem naw ngei.

Ei thilthaw chu ei inthiem naw ngei.

Min (mi+in) an mi’n thiem naw hle.

Hi taka ‘an’ hmasa hi pronoun-a ‘an’ (they, theirs) pangngai ni loin singular third person a ‘a’ le a zuitu thumal intranna ‘in’ a mi kha ‘i’ banin ‘n’ chauh a va lak a, a+n, pronoun le verb insiemna thu bul inbel khawm a nih. A dota ‘in’ hi pronoun-a ‘in’ (yours) ni loin singular second person-a ‘i’ le a zuitu verb insiemna thu bul ‘in’ a mi ‘n’ chauh a va lak a nih. A pathumna, ‘kan’ ti khom hi pronoun-a ‘kan’ ( we, ours) tina ni loin first person singular ‘ka’ in a hmaa zuitu verb siemna thu bul ‘in’ a inthoka ‘i’ bana ‘n’ chauh a va lak, ei lam kop a nih. Zawna poimaw ei hmaa umhai chu:

(1) Hieng an, in, kan tihai hi a hmaa thumal leh ei ziek kop dim a ni, ziek kop lo ding? Ziek kop ding ni ta inla iem a san?

(2) Thlûk sei ei pek dim a ni, an naw leh an inkarah apostrophe ei thlak lem ding? Tuta ei hmang dan chu a threnin thluk sei ei pek a, a threnin iengkhom pe loin a hranin an, in, kan tiin ei ziek top a. Hmar Baibul (Delhi Version) a chu hieng ang thil reng reng hi thluk sei pe ni loin, thu pahni lak kopa a lamtawi a ni leiin a karah apostrophe a’n, i’n, ka’n tiin kan sie a, a hran vonga ziek dingin kan sukthluk bok. Amiruokchu, editing zo tawm trêpa sukthluk a ni leiin a threnah hmang hman a na, siem thrat hman lo tam tak a la um bok.

(3) Hi hi Grammar ei siem pha leh a hmingah ieng am inbuk ei ta?

Hi thu hi mani senga fimkhur taka ei bi le ngaituo seng theina dingin entirna iemani zat a hnuoia hin sie a nih. Hi taka hin a hmaa ei hril sa lo ‘an’ dang, a+ni a a tawpa ‘i’ bana siem dam, ‘lan’ ti, (la+in) dam, ‘min’ (mi+in) khom a thrang sa.

AN (A+IN):

- I mi don ding a’n leiin ( a+ni) leiin ka hlim.

- Ka sir a’n phet (a+inphet) ngai nawh.

- Nangma an’ thok (a+inthok) ngei ni raw se.

KAN (KA+IN)

Hnam dang mi ka’n ngaizawngpui (ka +inngaizawngpui) el chu lungrilin ka’n thiem naw (ka+inthiem naw) a, ka’n zak (ka+inzak) a, ka’n thlahrung (ka+inthlahrung), chang suol k’an lau (ka+inlau) a, sienkhom k’an thla (ka+inthla) ngam si nawh.

IN (I+IN)

I hmel i’n hmutir (i+inhmutir) reng reng ding an (a+ni) nawh.

I’n zak (i+inzak) hlol naw a nel (ni+el) maw?

Hi hi i’n thawtir (i+inthawtir) chun i’n ditpui (i+inditpui) tina ning a tih.

Ei ramsuok ding chu i’n zo (i+inzo) ta?

LAN (LA+IN)

In la’n pei (la+inpei) naw zing a ni?

Kan la’n zo (la+inzo) fel naw a nih.

A la’n hma (la+inhma) taluo.

Ei l’an zo (la+inzo) hman naw a ni hih.

An la’n hman (la+inhman) hri naw a nih.

MIN (MI+IN)

I mawina mi’n hmutir (mi+inhmutir) rawh.

Hmelma’n (hmelma+in) an mi’n huol (mi+inhuol) khum.

Ka’n dikna (ka+indikna) phuin thiem mi’n chang (mi+inchang) rawh.

Mi’n (mi+in) an tia chu mi’n phatsan (mi+inphatsan) naw rawh.

THRE THUMNA (PART 3)

ZIEK KOP LE KOP LO DING

Causative Agents: Ziek kop ding

Ei tronga thu mal, thilthawtu hmangruoa (causative agent) thrang, thu mal dang hma (prefix) an naw leh thu mal dang hnunga bet/kop (suffix) laia ei hmang rawn tak chu “pek, pui, san, suk, tir” tihai hi an ni tlangpui. Causative agent-a ei hmang pha chu, entirnan, “suk” hi a zuitu thu mal leh ziek kop ngei ngei ding a nih. Hienga ei hmang pha chun adjective amanih intransitive verb amani kha transitive verb-in ei inchangtir hlak a nih. Entirnan, sukdik, suksiet, suklawm, sukhlim, sukhmang, sukbo, sukhrat, sukhnuk, sukhmasawn, sukkhawlo, sukhmelhem, suklungngai, sukmangang, sukbahla, sukhmingsiet, sukhmingthrat le a dang dang.

Hieng ang bok hin Golden Rule dang nawk chu ‘pek, pui, san, tir’ ti hai hi causative agent-a ei hmang pha leh a hmaa thu mal leh ziek kop ngei ngei ding a nih. Entirnan, thawpek, lawmpek, hrilpek, inchawkpek, inkhawmpek, ninginnuorpek, thawpui, lawmpui, hrilpui, lungngaipui, hmingsietpui, inchawkpui, iniempui, inthuruolpui, lungsenpui, inhmûrpui, ninginnuorpui, thawsan, lawmsan, hrilsan, fesan, bansan, infetir, inthawtir, inhmutir, inhriltir, inngaizawngtir le a dang dang. Compound noun siemna dingah ‘pui’ ti hi a hmaa thumal leh ziek kop bok ding a nih: nupui, papui, chipui, pawlpui, mipui, suopui.

Amiruokchu, verb (intransitive)-a hmang a ni pha pha a a hrana ziek ding a nih: Sikul kai dingin a tir; Trongtrainan a mi san. Entirnan, ‘Suk’ ti hi verb (intransitive) a ei hmang pha chu bu suk, thei suk (to pounce) amanih lu suk (to nod) a kawk a. ‘Bu a suk a, a sukchip vong’ ka ti chun, a hmasa suk hi intransitive verb a ni a, a nuhnunga ‘suk’ ruok hi chu causative agent-a hmang a ni leiin a hmaa thu mal leh ziek kop ding a nih. Hi hi ei trong structure um dan a ni leiin, hi Golden Rule hi ei bawsiet vai chun patzai inchin angin thre thrawp thei loin a hung um a, a buoi vong el a nih.

Voi, Tieng, Zawng, Mi, Naw/Lo

‘Voi’ ti le thumal dang ziek kop thuah ei buoi niin an lang. ‘Voi’ le nambar tiemna hi mi tam lemin ei ziek kop a (voikhat, voihni, voithum), ziek kop lo ding a nih: Voi za a voi. Amiruokchu, voituk, voisun, voizan tihai ruok chu ziek kop ding a ni thung, ni khata hun threna bik chauh hrilna a ni leiin.

‘Tieng’ ti hi ‘direction’ hriltu a ni leiin a hmaa thumal leh ziek kop lo ding a nih: Zing tieng, zan tieng, chang tieng, voi tieng, hma tieng, hnung tieng, in tieng, ram tieng, fe tieng, hung tieng, sak tieng, thlang tieng le a dang dang. Voisun/tuk/zan ti ei ziek kop ang bokin a thren chun ‘zingtieng, zantieng’ ti an ziek kop a, chuongang bokin ‘changtieng, voitieng’ ti khom. A hmasa hi ngaidam thei a na, a nuhnung ruok hi chu ziek kop lo a thra.

Dannaranin noun-a thumal pakhata ei hmang ‘ngaizawng, lawmzawng’ ti ang hi ei ziek kop hlak a, amiruokchu ‘thiem zawng, felna zawng, chemkalna zawng, inhnik zawng, theina zawng, huor zawng, dit zawng, inthuk zawng, sei zawng, insang zawng’ tihai ruok hi chu ei ziek zom ngai nawh. A umzie a sukdanglam ding an naw phot chun ziek zom lo a thra.

‘Mi’ le a zuitu thumal ziek kop thuah noun a ni chun ziek kop a, adjective-in a zui ruok chun a hrana ziek a thra: mihriem, mipui, minu, mihrâng (noun); mi fel, mi thienghlim, mi thra, mi var, mi thiem, mi mawl, mi changkang le a dang dang. Amiruokchu, noun form-a ei hmang ding pha ‘mithiem (lekhathiem), mimawl’ tia ziek kop thei a nih.

‘Naw’ le ‘lo’ hi thuhmuna ngai ni sienkhom a hmangna inang lo a tam. ‘Mi tlaktlai lo, bengvar lo, mi hmang lo a nih’ tia ‘lo’ hi ‘naw’-in thlak ta inla chu a sentence a kim thei tlat nawh. ‘Mi tlaktlai naw, bengvar naw, mi hmang lo chu sungkaw ta dingin trangkaina an nei nawh’ tia a sentence suksei a ngai. Khingtieng panga chun, ‘ringtu’ ni lo chu ‘ringnawtu’ ei ta, ringlotu ei ti ngai nawh. ‘Naw, lo’ hi noun siemna ‘na’ tiin a zui si naw thumal dang le ziek kop lo a thra: mi fel lo, thil inthieng lo/naw, chinchang hre lo/naw, mi chakvak lo/naw; fel nawna, inthieng nawna, hrisel nawna, insûm nawna. Chun, thu mal threnkhat, noun form-a ei ziek phaa ziek kop, entirnan ‘thilthawtheina’ ti dam hi negative form a ei hmang ding chun a hran deu vonga ‘thil a thaw thei nawh’ tia ziek a ngai nawk tlat a nih. Amiruokchu, ‘thilthaw’ hi noun-a hmang ni pha ziek kop a, verb-a hmang a ni pha ziek kop lo ding a nih.

Thumal pahni pathum kei kopa siem tronglamkei (idioms & phrases) ziek zom le ziek naw thuah hmang dan a’n ruol bok nawh. ‘A’ a intran rêng rêng chu ziek kop lo a thra: a biling a baling, a chin a lien, a pui a chal, a suk a tung, a dung a khang, a kop a kim, a kûl a tâi, a hring a hro, a mik a mak, a rûk a ràl, a sûr a sä, a tar a zûr, a thren a zar, a tum a tlang, a tûr a hrâng, a thra a sie, a thlum a al, an hnik an phak, a thu a hla, a zie a zang, a Zo a Vai, etc. Chun, thu mal iemani zat kei kopa siem a ni chun a tawpa ‘verb’ kha a hrana ziek a thra: zum le zuor intuo, lungawp inkai, hming se van ur, lung se van kai, tu mong ben, tuizâng khauh, tuisam pût’ le a dang dang.

Saptrongin ei ngaituona a thruoi leiin Saptronga thu mal khat chu eini trong khoma thu mal khat boka sie tumna a lien a. Proper noun a ni chun ziek kop ding a ni hrim: sakeibaknei, sabengtung, sanghawngsei, thingremhlasakthei (gramophone). Amiruokchu, chu chu a ni lai zingin, trong thar ei siemhai rêng rêng, a ngiel a ngana ei inletna thingremhlasakthei, khawlthluoknei (computer) ti kuol duot dam hi ei trong fe hmang a ni naw bakah a mawi naw a, hming tawite ei phuok thei a ni si naw chun hnam dang trong haw a, eini trong awphawia ziek el lem ding a nih.

Chun, trong thar tamtak ei ser, a thren chu verb le adverb inkopa noun ei siem a um a. Entirnan, ‘piengthar’ (pieng+thar) hi thumal khatah ei hmang a, ei hmang rim hle bakah noun, adjective, verb in ei hmang bok a: Piengthar po hung ro (noun); Thanga chu mi piengthar a nih (adjective); Thanga a piengthar (verb). Chu chu a ni lai zingin hi thumal letling chu ‘pieng hlui’ ding ni awm tak a na, sienkhom chuongang chu trong a um naw leiin a aiin ‘piengthar lo’ ti ei hmang a, chu chu ziek kop lo ding a nih.

Tak, Takin, Takah

Khaikhinna ( Superlative) leh Adverb a thumal hmang a ni pha ‘tak’ amanih ‘takin, takah’ ti ei bel hlak a. Khaikhinna –Positive ‘thra’, Comparative ‘thra lem’, Superlative ‘thra tak’- tia lem le thra hi a hmaa thumal leh ziek kop ding a ni nawh. Amiruokchu, verb thilthaw hrilfietu adverb a ni pha leh ‘takin’ ti le a hmaa a thu mal a hril fie kha, Saptrong thleka fe chuh ni sien, hlimtakin, ropuitakin, nasatakin tihai hi ziek kop ding ni awm tak a ni laiin, ei trong kalphunga chuh ziek kop lo ding a nih. Chun, “Mipui tamtak an hung” ti hin kawk pahnih a nei thei a. Pakhat chu, mipui kha pawl hrang hrangin an inthre a, chuonghai laia tam tak chu an hung ti a kawk thei a; pahninaa chun mi tamzie a hrilna a ni thei. An tamzie khaikhinna a ni naw leiin, Saptronga ‘many’ anga ngai chun ziek kop ding ni awm tak a nih. Chun, ‘Tamtak chun an thratpui’ tia tamtak khom hi pronoun a ni leiin ziek kop ding ni awm tak a nih. Amiruokchu, Golden Rule 1 anga ei fepui ding chun a hrana ziek ding a nih. Pathien amanih lal amanih nina insang hrilnaa ruok chu ‘title’ anga a fe leiin ‘Chunghnungtak, Laltak, Ropuitak’ tia ziek kop ding a nih.

Dan, Zie, Na, Um

A hmaa thumal le ziek kop le ziek kop lo ding thua buoina rop chu ‘dan, zie le na’ tihai hi an nih. Hienghai hi kawk inang vong anga ngai thei, sienkhom danglam hret hret vong an nih, Entirnan, ‘A ropui dan chu, mit ngeia a ropuina hmutuhai chauvin a ropuizie hre thei an tih’ (Only those who have seen with their own eyes the grandeur of his majesty could fathom his greatness) ei ti chun an kawk tak an ang naw thret vong a, Saptronga inlet lem chun danglam tak a nih.

‘Kan hnam dan le nun dan danglamzie hre fie ding chun a danglamna bikhai bi chieng hmasa phot a ngai’ (To understand the uniqueness of our customary laws, one must first study its peculiar characteristics)

‘Dan’ ti hi a hmaa thu mal leh an ziek kop ngai nawh: chêt dan, chang dan, ching dan, thaw dan, um dan, khawsak dan, nun dan. ‘Zie’ le ‘na’ ruok chu adjective-a inthoka noun siemnaah an ziek kop (suffix) hlak: felzie, thratzie, thienghlimzie, mawizie, felna, thratna, thienghlimna, mawina. Mi+zie (character) khom ziek kop ding a nih. Ei ziek kop naw chun mi dang zie (characteristic) hrilna a kawk dai a nih: Mi zie i hriet naw em el! ‘A va zie naw ngei de! Ama hi chu a ziezâng naw deu a nih’ tia hin ‘zie-zang’ ti hi ziek kop ding a nih. ‘Ama ruok hi chu a zie um’ tia hin ‘zie um’ ti hi ziek inkop ding ning a ti? ‘Ama ruok hi chu a lawmum’ tia hin ei ziek kop hlak si chun ‘zie-um’ chu ziek kop ding ni awm tak a nih. Chuong a ni si naw chun a sentence insiem dan thlak a, ‘Ama ruok hi chu a zie a um, Ama ruok hi chu lawm a um’ tia ziek ding a ni lem. A buoithlakna chu, ‘lawmum’ chu vowel intlar zom a um naw leiin tiem suol a um thei naw a, ‘zieum’ ti ruok chu vowel pathum intlar zawn a ni leiin ‘zie-um’ tia hyphen hmanga ei ziek naw chun tiem suol thei a nih. Hiengang vowel intlar zomna thu mal hi tiem suol a ol leiin, haifen (hyphen) sie a thra. Entirnan, sathu-ûm, tri-um, theida-um.

Ta dingin/Tadingin

Hi thumal pahni ‘ta+dingin’ ti hi ziek kop le kop naw thuah hmang dan an ruol naw hle. A threnin an ziek kop a, a threnin an ziek hrang a. Lusei tronga chu ‘ta + turin’ ti hi ‘ta’ khan a hnunga hawrop ‘n’ la kopin ‘tan’ tiin, apostrophe khom sie lovin thumal pakhatah an hmang a. Hmar tronga ruok chun ‘ta+dingin’ tia hin a tawpa ‘n’ lak vea thumal pakhata siem lovin a rengin ei la lam kher kher leiin ziek zom le zom naw ding thuah ngaidan an phîr a. Saptronga ‘for me’ tina a ni leiin, Saptrong zula ziek nuomtuhai chun ziek kop lo thra dingin an ngai a. Chuong zawnga ngai naw po chun an ziek kop.

‘Ta’ le ‘ding’ ti hi ei hmang kop dan zirin sentence umzie a sukdanglam dai thei a. ‘Ka ta ding ka ti zing laiin an mi lakpek a’ ti le ‘Ka ta ka ti zing laiin an mi lakpek a’ ti hi a umzie an ang thei nawh. A hmaa sentence a hin a ta angin a la hau naw a, a nuhnunga ruok hin chu a taa a chei der ta hnung a nih. A umzie sukdanglamtu chu ‘ding’ a nih.

Hmasawnna Thar (Feb 17, 2012) chun electric mumal naw leia mipuiin an tuor nasatzie a ziek a, Editorial thupuia a hmang chu “Mirethei le riengvaihai ta dingin harsatna a suk zuolkai bik” ti a nih. Hi taka ‘ta dingin’ ti an hmang hi ngaituo tham a nih. “Mirethei le riengvaihai harsatna sukzuoltu” ti inla, a fûk lem el thei.

Chu neka inril lema ei bi chun, ‘ta dingin’ ti hi thil buoithlak tak el a na, a hmang nawna ding chena khom ei hmang tah niin an lang. Filipi 1:21 a chun “Ka ta ding chun hring hi Krista a ni si a, thi khom hlawkna a nih” tiin ei inlet a. Hitaka ‘ta’ hi a buoithlak ngot el. ‘Ka ngaidan chun’ ti a kawk khom a hoi. Lusei trongin a ngiel a nganin inlet inla chu, “Ka ta tur chuan nun hi Krista a ni si a” ti ning a ta, nal naw kher a tih. Kristaa hring ta zing si a, ‘ka ta ding chun’ tia la nei lo anga ‘ta ding’ anga inhril tlat chu thil buoithlak tak a nih. “Kristaa hring ka ni si a” ti amanih, ‘Kei chu Kristaa hring ka ni si a, ka thi leh ka hlawk deu deu ding’ ti inla chu a del fuk lem el thei. Chiengna kotsuo tlung tahai chun, “Isu ka ta ding ka hriet chieng tah” ti lovin “Lal Isu ka ta, ka hriet chieng tah” an ti lem a nih.

Hi hi logical approach hmanga trong fe hmang thlirna a nih. Ei hriet ding ruok chu, trong ei hmang tam tak hi ‘illogical’ deu el a na, ei hmang leia ei hmang el a nih. Entirnan, “Kan loah saruol an suok” ei ti chun ei loah saruol an lut tina a nih. ‘Ka imu a suok’ ei ti chun ei imu a lut a, a mi zim tina a nih.

Chun, trong insiem dan mak deu el chu ‘Ka hnawm a suok’ ti hi a nih. Ek che hi ‘inhnawm’ ei tina san chu thuthup/thu pehêl hmanga ei hril hlak leia trongkam hung pieng a nih. ‘Ek che’ ti chu a mawi naw a, tirdakuma ngai a ni leiin ek an che ding pha khaw hnawm amanih lo hnawmah an fe hlak a. Hnawma an fe hlaka inthok chun ‘inhnawm’ ti trongkam hi a hung pieng a nih. In sunga êk in ei nei hnung khoma a trongkam a la danglam chuong ta nawh. Lusei trong chun, khaw daia fe amanih leng angin an hril a, chutaka inthok chun ‘daileng, daikal’ ti hi a hung suok a nih. Insunga an inhnawm khomin an ‘daikal/daileng’ ta tho tho a nih. Chuong anga trong a hung fe pei chun Saptronga noun khom verb-in ei hung hmang a, ‘Voisun chu ka sikul/college a (sikul/college ka kai a), kan kawmiti (Committee inkhawmah ka thrang a) zovin kan piknik a’ ei ti el an tah.

 

*Pu Keivom is a retired Indian diplomat and columnist at Inpui.com. He has written authoritative articles and is also known for hi Zoram Khawvel series.